Una de las características del autismo es su limitada interacción social.
Si el niño con autismo al principio no interactúa en el juego, no sabe cómo empezar o cómo participar, nosotros los adultos debemos estimular esta acción, y enseñarle a que lo haga pues necesita orientación a modo de guía para aprender a jugar.
Empezaremos siguiendo estas pautas:
- Sigue los intereses del niño, incorpóralos en el juego, e imita los movimientos o “juegos” de él. De esta forma intentaremos captar su atención. Demuéstrale que su conducta nos interesa.
- Hazle saber que estamos con él, para que acepte la intromisión del adulto en sus juegos y actividades.
- Trata de crear juegos circulares, dándole motivos para comunicarse. Pueden ser juegos sensoriomotores y de contacto corporal, siempre que sean atractivos y motivantes para él, con la finalidad de hacer emerger el juego circular y a partir de aquí ir ampliando hacia otros tipos de juego.
- Modela y ve dotando de sentido su juego a partir de pequeñas pautas estructuradas.
- Prepara guiones sencillos de juego, paso a paso, enséñale a jugar con juguetes, enséñale a imitar y a practicar su uso, a la vez también le vamos mostrando las posibilidades de juego. Ya que se aprende haciendo (moldeado) y se asimila repitiendo (rutinas).
- Establece una rutina: que se consigue con confianza y seguridad, porque sabrá qué va a pasar.
- Anticipa lo que va a ocurrir: por ejemplo, “ahora pompas de jabón” se pueden utilizar apoyos visuales para la mejor comprensión.
- Provoca el uso del lenguaje ayudándole a hacer peticiones sencillas. Por ejemplo, si le gustan las pompas comenzamos a jugar con él y pararemos. De esta forma creamos una situación de petición. Una vez nos demande más pompas podemos jugar dándole órdenes del tipo; “ahora sopla tú” o “intenta coger las pompas”.
- Habla sin alzar la voz y con calma, con palabras sencillas y concisas, con movimientos lentos y suaves, con sonrisas y tocándole a menudo. Ponte siempre a su nivel para hablar y busca el contacto visual.
- Presenta el juego de forma muy atractiva, divertida y motivadora. Disfruta junto a él, para que se convierta en una experiencia positiva. No impongas una actividad si no genera interés.
- Dedícale horas y horas jugando de forma estructurada primero, para después ir flexibilizando.
- No utilices las bromas o los mensajes confusos, porque no te van a entender.
- Delimita el espacio cuando interactúes en el suelo. Elimina los ruidos de fondo y las distracciones.
- Utiliza la coherencia: toda la familia lo ha de hacer igual.
Con estas pautas vamos estableciendo las bases de la interacción con el niño y después nos será más sencillo lograr que nos imite a nosotros. A partir de ahí, iremos avanzando hacia otros tipos de juego, donde les enseñaremos a controlar los turnos, mediante juegos de intercambio, etc.
La finalidad es jugar con ellos para que después ellos jueguen y disfruten jugando con otros niños.
Pilar Espinosa, psicóloga de Red Cenit Valencia
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