Muchos niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista utilizan una jerga durante sus juegos que sustituye al habla.
Antes de darse el habla, los bebés balbucean como modo de “entrenamiento” vocal.
Estos juegos vocales se irán desvaneciendo para dar paso al habla con significado, con palabras y frases con sentido, pero, ¿por qué un niño de 4 años sigue utilizándola?
Los bebés empiezan a balbucear en repetidas ocasiones, (bababa, dadada, etc.) durante sus propios juegos vocales. Es una manera de jugar y “practicar el habla”, como un entrenamiento para lo que vendrá a ser el habla propiamente dicha, pero estos balbuceos carecen de sentido, es decir, no contienen palabras con significado.
Los niños juegan a abrir y cerrar sus bocas, mover sus lenguas de un lado a otro… normalmente acompañados de movimientos corporales, golpeando y sacudiendo los objetos mientras balbucean en cadencia. Estas actividades de juego vocal son importantes para el desarrollo del lenguaje.
Algunos niños con autismo suelen producir largas cadenas de sonidos sin sentido e ininteligibles. A esto se le llama “jerga”, la jerga del autismo: una jerga a veces, muy elaborada. Podemos decir que el niño está tratando de expresar algo, ya que la jerga del autismo normalmente se produce con un patrón de entonación similar al del adulto: lo está imitando.
Por desgracia, resulta muy complicado saber interpretarla ya que carece de contenido semántico. Es como un “lenguaje escondido”.
Esta jerga se produce de manera repetitiva y como un comportamiento auto-estimulatorio. En ocasiones, intercala alguna palabra o frases con sentido, pero fuera de contexto. Los niños pueden pasarse hablando en su “idioma” pero sin dirigirse al otro.
¿Por qué lo hacen? Porque están intentando expresar algo. Normalmente el niño está intentando decir una frase que él no puede construir, por lo que “rellenan” la oración con palabras sin sentido (los adultos hacemos lo mismo cuando cantamos una canción, pero olvidamos la letra y nos “inventamos” las palabras).
Pero, ¿es lo mismo el balbuceo que la jerga?
En los bebés, estos balbuceos suelen representar los precursores al habla. Se puede decir que esta “jerga” propia de los más pequeños, forma parte de su evolución y desarrollo lingüístico.
Cuando este balbuceo en los niños no desaparece con el tiempo para dar lugar a nuevas palabras y frases, se convierte en una jerga. Su manera de “hablar” es esa porque no tienen el nivel expresivo que implica para elaborar una frase correspondiente al contexto.
Si bien es difícil poder entender qué es lo que nos está tratando de decir, resulta conmovedor que un niño con poca o escasa intención comunicativa, se dirija a nosotros y nos intente llamar la atención con su jerga tratando de respondernos, ¿no creéis?
También suele pasar que deciden en qué momento desconectarse del mundo y aparece la jerga del autismo, por ejemplo, cuando no quieren realizar determinadas tareas o no quieren atender al adulto. Es una manera de auto-regulararse: no me interesa, entonces desconecto y me meto en mi mundo con mis conversaciones.
¿Cómo reducir la jerga del autismo?
Por desgracia, no hay una receta milagrosa para ello. Tenemos que estar muy atentos a las emisiones del niño.
Cuando empieza a mezclar palabras o frases con jerga, es un buen indicio ya que eso significa que el lenguaje está emergiendo y es ahí cuando debemos de aprovechar para reforzar ese lenguaje funcional y que sus peticiones se hagan fuertes y sólidas.
Debemos de enseñarle a imitar frases para reducir la cantidad de jerga emitida, de manera que vaya generando un lenguaje con sentido y adecuado al contexto comunicativo. La figura de un logopeda es importante en estos casos, el cuál os orientará y os ayudará a crear oportunidades que hagan emerger el lenguaje a través de juegos y rutinas diarias.
Y como bien dice la escritora y defensora de los derechos de los discapacitados, Rosemary Crossley, “Que no puedas hablar no significa que no tengas nada que decir”
Fuente: M. Amparo Parreño, logopeda en Red Cenit en Valencia
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