Identifican un biomarcador para el autismo en función de las ondas cerebrales
Por Maria Hernández Méndez – Oct 26, 2018
El trastorno del espectro autista se corresponde con un trastorno del desarrollo neurológico que afecta principalmente áreas tales como la comunicación, la socialización y las habilidades tanto verbales como motoras de las personas. Por lo general, los indicadores del autismo pueden evidenciarse en las primeras etapas de desarrollo infantil.
DIAGNÓSTICO
No obstante, el diagnóstico de autismo suele ser complicado; esto se debe a que no existen pruebas totalmente precisas para diagnosticar este trastorno.
En líneas generales, se llega al diagnóstico a partir de la observación del comportamiento; sin embargo, a pesar de la gran variedad de baterías de evaluación, la precisión de estas está en tela de juicio; esto es especialmente cierto en casos en los que el autismo es leve.
Científicos identifican un potencial biomarcador para diagnosticar autismo
Tal como se mencionó anteriormente, existe una notable necesidad de indicadores clínicos objetivos, precisos y mensurables a fin de diagnosticar el trastorno del espectro autista. A este respecto, un equipo de investigadores ha identificado un biomarcador que puede facilitar el proceso en función de la actividad cerebral asociada al control motor.
En particular, los investigadores se basaron en la idea de que el autismo es el resultado de un desequilibrio en los procesos de excitación e inhibición neuronal a nivel cerebral; esto se asocia a la aparición de ondas cerebrales repetitivas, denominadas oscilaciones gamma.
En este sentido, se ha observado una disminución de esta actividad neuronal en las personas con trastorno del espectro autista cuando son expuestas a estimulación visual, auditiva y táctil.
Sobre la base de esto, los investigadores diseñaron un experimento en el que participaron niños de entre 5 y 7 años de edad. De esta manera, se conformaron dos grupos; uno de ellos estaba conformado con niños diagnosticados con autismo, mientras que el otro estaba compuesto con niños cuyo desarrollo seguía los patrones típicos.
Por su parte, la tarea experimental consistía en un videojuego en el que los niños debían presionar un botón con la mano derecha mientras se registraban sus ondas cerebrales a partir de una magnetoencefalografía.
Así, se encontró que el tiempo de respuesta de los niños con autismo fue un poco más lento que el de los niños sin autismo; adicionalmente, se observó que la amplitud de sus campos magnéticos era inferior. Por su parte, los investigadores encontraron que las oscilaciones de ondas gamma eran más bajas en el grupo de niños con autismo.
El objetivo es facilitar el diagnóstico del autismo
En resumen, los investigadores descubrieron que tanto el tiempo de respuesta, como la amplitud de los campos magnéticos cerebrales y las oscilaciones de ondas gamma, eran inferiores en los niños diagnosticados con trastorno del espectro autista.
En la misma línea, se observó una baja concentración de GABA, un neurotransmisor inhibitorio, en este grupo de niños.
Teniendo esto en cuenta, los investigadores sugieren que estos indicadores pueden corresponderse a biomarcadores que permitan diagnosticar el mencionado trastorno. En otras palabras, se sugiere que los resultados demuestran que la evaluación de las ondas cerebrales es un camino prometedor para optimizar el diagnóstico del autismo.
Por último, se plantea que estos resultados pueden favorecer la comprensión de los mecanismos neurofisiológicos asociados al control motor y al desarrollo de las habilidades sociales en las personas con autismo. Además, se espera que en el futuro se perfeccione el uso de la magnetoencefalografía a fin de identificar biomarcadores no invasivos y cuantificables para este y otros trastornos relacionados.
Referencia: Altered Gamma Oscillations during Motor Control in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, (2018). https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1229-18.2018
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