El término lenguaje hace referencia a la capacidad de comunicar. Sin embargo, esta capacidad no es exclusiva de los seres humanos, sino que es una característica que compartimos con las criaturas del reino animal, las cuales; al igual que los seres humanos, utilizan la comunicación para expresar, trasmitir emociones y experiencias a otros.
Lo que sí nos diferencia de los sonidos y señales visuales u olfativas que utilizan los animales, es el hecho de haber desarrollado el lenguaje oral o verbal, el cual se ha convertido en nuestro medio de comunicación por excelencia.
La teoría de la evolución del lenguaje ha sido objeto de estudio de muchos autores, que han debatido desde los aspectos biológicos que propiciaron la articulación de palabras, hasta su relevancia en la evolución como ser social (causa o consecuencia).
Los seres humanos dependen del lenguaje y la comunicación para aprender, disfrutar e interactuar; dependen de la comunicación para vivir en sociedad.
Según Acosta y Moreno (2001) (A.Mª, 2001): ”El lenguaje es una herramienta básica para que el niño logre diferentes objetivos académicos, que van desde la participación de las rutinas diarias, las interacciones con sus pares y los adultos hasta la adquisición de la lectoescritura”.
No obstante, existe un grupo poblacional que debido a múltiples y diferentes factores ve limitada o anulada su capacidad de acceder al lenguaje verbal; por ejemplo, las personas con enfermedades neurológicas tales como la esclerosis múltiple (EM) o la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA), con discapacidad intelectual, con parálisis cerebral o personas con trastorno del espectro del autismo (TEA), etc.
Para mejorar su calidad de vida y sus posibilidades reales de ser parte integral de la sociedad se crearon los Sistemas Aumentativos y Alternativos de comunicación (SAAC), los que están constituidos por diferentes sistemas cuya principal función es la de aumentar y/o compensar las dificultades que presentan personas con capacidades diferentes para acceder al lenguaje verbal.
La Asociación Americana de Habla, Lenguaje y Audición (American Speech Language – Hearing Association – ASHA, 1989) define la Comunicación Aumentativa Alternativa como un área de práctica clínica que intenta compensar los patrones de impedimento y discapacidad de los individuos con severos desórdenes en la comunicación.
La ASHA enfatiza además la importancia de que las intervenciones para implementar un SAAC “deben ser siempre multimodales, por lo que siempre deben tomar en cuenta y utilizar las capacidades comunicativas del individuo, incluyendo cualquier forma de habla residual o vocalizaciones, gestos, señas y comunicación asistida” (ASHA, 1991).
Los Sistemas se clasifican en dos categorías:
- Sin Ayuda: Habla, gestos, códigos o sistemas gestuales (ej. Comunicación Total de Benson y Schaeffer).
- Con Ayuda: Recursos Tangibles, recursos representacionales, sistema de símbolos abstractos (Sistema de Símbolos pictográficos SPC), símbolos ortográficos, sistema de comunicación por intercambio de imágenes (PECS), ayudas técnicas (ej. Tableros de comunicación no electrónicos y recursos informáticos: tablets, sistemas operativos, aplicaciones, etc.).
Cabe destacar que los SAAC no son de uso exclusivo de las personas con desórdenes severos en la comunicación, sino que todos hacemos uso de ellos a diario mediante los diferentes elementos paralingüísticos (Gestos, entonación, expresiones faciales, etc.) que acompañan el habla (Darwin, 1903) o los símbolos que hemos creado para representar conceptos.
El abordaje terapéutico que establezca el empleo de alguno de los SAAC no interfiere en la adquisición o recuperación del lenguaje oral; por el contrario, contribuye a incentivarlo y en el caso de no ser posible, dota a la persona de un medio funcional para comunicarse.
La base del éxito reside en que cualquier intervención debe estar acompañada de un correcto asesoramiento de quienes componen el entorno más cercano de la persona, así como un proceso de evaluación de sus capacidades, habilidades y deseos, además de un análisis de las demandas y características de su entorno.
A partir de todos estos datos se desarrolla el proceso de educación con el sistema SAAC más adecuado. El proceso de evaluación debe de ser sistemático.
En el caso particular de las personas con autismo se ve sumamente afectada el área de la comunicación social e interacción social (American PsychiatricAssociation, 2013), por lo que aparecen déficits en la reciprocidad
socioemocional (dificultades para trasmitir correctamente interés, deseos, afectos, etc.), trastornos en las conductas comunicativas no verbales utilizadas durante las interacciones sociales (contacto visual, utilización de gestos) y presencia de patrones repetitivos y restringidos que dificultan cualquier tipo de adaptación a diferentes contextos sociales.
Las herramientas de apoyo que se emplean en las intervenciones terapéuticas, ya sea tanto de quienes han adquirido lenguaje verbal como de los que no, son fundamentales para trabajar y potenciar un aprendizaje global que les permita a las personas con autismo estar más relacionadas con su entorno y ser un participante activo y funcional en él.
¿Pero qué sucede cuando el medio no está dispuesto a ser partícipe de este abordaje? ¿Qué hacer cuando el interlocutor más cercano no parece estar interesado en comprender otro tipo de comunicación? ¿Cómo trasladar los resultados de la terapia a la casa de familia?
Como referimos anteriormente el camino al éxito en una intervención con alguno de los SAAC se recorre las 24 horas del día, y no en las dos horas que puede durar una terapia; y su base se encuentra en el entorno más cercano al individuo; es decir, su núcleo familiar.
Mucho se ha estudiado y escrito acerca de los SAAC. Es vasta la evidencia científica que acompaña a estos sistemas de comunicación y los porcentajes indican que la mayoría de las familias han mostrado un alto nivel de compromiso y de satisfacción. Sin embargo, al sur de América, específicamente en la República Oriental del Uruguay, la temática del autismo es relativamente reciente y se encuentra en pleno auge.
Las campañas de concientización han adquirido en los últimos 10 años una gran importancia, sobre todo en el interior del país. Esta situación exige que las familias sean parte activa y se sitúen en el centro del proceso de concientización y capacitación en la temática.
En el año 2014 se comenzó a realizar un seguimiento (se convertiría ese mismo año en un trabajo de Diplomado) a seis casos que comenzarían a utilizar alguno de los sistemas aumentativos alternativos de comunicación. Las edades de los individuos estaban comprendidas entre los 4 y los 11 años. Todas las familias eran del Departamento de Florida en el interior de la República Oriental del Uruguay.
En los seis casos, luego del proceso de evaluación obligatorio que se realiza antes de comenzar la terapia, las familias fueron informadas del abordaje que recibiría el niño.
En todos los casos se evidenciaron respuestas parecidas de los familiares ante la adquisición y puesta en práctica por parte de los niños, de los SAAC correspondientes a cada caso.
En general las familias mostraron poco interés en acompañar y utilizar en la vida cotidiana los SAAC. En el caso de los que utilizaron PECS, los familiares manifestaron que preferían ver al niño con el objeto concreto en la mano, o inferir lo que necesitaban, en vez de pedirle una tarjeta.
En el caso de los que comenzaron a utilizar habla signada, se observaron tanto falsas expectativas en cuanto a la capacidad de los signos, como el desinterés de al menos uno de los padres en aprender y comprender el proceso.
En resumen, las características comunes que observamos fueron:
- Miedo a la utilización de otro tipo de comunicación que no sea el lenguaje verbal.
- Falsas o falta de expectativas reales en cuanto a la persona con autismo y sus capacidades.
- Insistencia en ignorar los intentos comunicativos adquiridos por la persona con autismo, alegando que eran solo funcionales con la terapeuta y que los padres en general saben entender lo que la persona necesita.
El resultado después de la intervención fue positivo a nivel familiar solo en aquellos niños con autismo que comenzaron a vocalizar algunas palabras.
La estrategia fundamental que se decidió implementar tuvo como centro el trabajo con las familias; pero el objetivo principal no se fijó únicamente en hacerlos partícipes y conocedores del sistema implementado.
El propósito fue llevar a las familias el concepto de comunicación y además hacerles comprender que la comunicación no verbal no es del todo artificial, que por el contrario es natural y usada por todos los seres humanos. Que las estructuras sociales y sus convencionalismos no deben interferir e imposibilitar el máximo desarrollo que pueda alcanzar una persona con autismo, o cualquier otra capacidad diferente; y que, sobre todas las cosas, el amor paternal no puede suprimir la expresión del ser individual.
Toda persona tiene el derecho a comunicarse, de la forma que le sea posible. Si pretendemos hablar en el futuro cercano de inclusión real en la sociedad y que esta deje de ser una causa en proceso (lento), es en el seno de las familias donde tiene que comenzar esta transformación.
El equipo que decida llevar adelante este tipo de intervenciones no debe dar por sentado que la necesidad hará significativo el proceso para todos en igual medida. Hay mucha información acerca de los SAAC, pero muy poco acerca de cómo vive la familia el proceso de acompañar y aprender cualquiera de ellos.
Estar consciente de estas realidades, aunque representen a una minoría, permite plantear abordajes realmente enriquecedores, contextualizados socioculturalmente. Cabe recordar que son países desarrollados los que se encuentran a la vanguardia en el tema.
A los países de Latinoamérica les ha tocado sumarse y adaptar las propuestas a múltiples realidades que difieren mucho incluso dentro del propio continente.
A menos de un mes de celebrar el 2 de abril (Día Mundial de Concienciación sobre el Autismo) no podemos olvidarnos de las minorías.
Construir las bases de una sociedad más diversa no se hace solo con concientizar hacia afuera. Se debe mirar hacia adentro, construir y reconstruir los cimientos; a fin de cuentas, de lo simple surge lo complejo y de lo primitivo lo que hoy llamamos civilización.
fuente: https://autismodiario.org/2018/03/10/sistemas-alternativos-y-aumentativos-de-comunicacion-saac/
You have observed very interesting details! ps decent website . “It is better to be hated for who you are than to be loved for what you are not.” by Andre Gide.
Muy buen aporte, muy recomendable! Reciba un cordial saludo.
Muchas gracias, un saludo
This is a topic that’s close to my heart… Take care!
Exactly where are your contact details though?
It’s going to be end of mine day, but before finish I am reading this fantastic piece of writing to improve my know-how.
I think the admin of this site is really working hard
for his web page, because here every material is quality based stuff.
If some one desires to be updated with most recent technologies afterward he must
be pay a quick visit this site and be up to date everyday.
It’s enormous that you are getting thoughts from this article as well
as from our argument made at this place.
Thanks to my father who stated to me about this web site,
this website is really awesome.
This piece of writing is in fact a fastidious one it assists new web viewers,
who are wishing for blogging. games ps4 allenferguson games ps4
My spouse and I stumbled over here different page and thought I should check things
out. I like what I see so i am just following you.
Look forward to looking at your web page repeatedly.
games ps4 185413490784 games ps4
I couldn’t resist commenting. Perfectly written!
I really like your blog.. very nice colors & theme.
Did you design this website yourself or did you hire someone
to do it for you? Plz reply as I’m looking to create my own blog and would like to find out where
u got this from. thanks
I always spent my half an hour to read this website’s content daily along with a mug of coffee.
Nice post. I was checking constantly this weblog and I
am inspired! Extremely helpful information specifically the ultimate phase 🙂 I deal with such information a lot.
I used to be looking for this certain info for a very long time.
Thank you and best of luck.
Heya! I’m at work browsing your blog from my new iphone 3gs!
Just wanted to say I love reading through your blog and look forward to
all your posts! Keep up the fantastic work!
Your style is unique in comparison to other people I have read stuff from.
Many thanks for posting when you have the opportunity, Guess I
will just bookmark this site.
Hello to every body, it’s my first pay a visit of this weblog;
this blog contains remarkable and really excellent data designed for readers.
asmr 0mniartist
Wow, fantastic blog format! How long have you been running
a blog for? you make blogging look easy. The overall glance of your
site is wonderful, as neatly as the content!
asmr 0mniartist
It’s the best time to make some plans for the future and it is time
to be happy. I have read this post and if I could I desire to suggest
you few interesting things or tips. Maybe you could write next articles referring to this article.
I wish to read more things about it! asmr 0mniartist
I’m impressed, I have to admit. Rarely do I come
across a blog that’s equally educative and engaging, and let me tell you, you’ve hit the nail on the
head. The issue is something which not enough folks are speaking
intelligently about. I am very happy I came across this in my hunt for something regarding
this. asmr 0mniartist
Excellent beat ! I would like to apprentice while you amend your web site, how could i subscribe for a blog
site? The account helped me a acceptable deal. I had been tiny bit acquainted of this your broadcast offered bright clear concept
My brother suggested I may like this web site.
He was totally right. This publish truly made my day.
You cann’t believe simply how much time I had spent for this info!
Thank you!
What’s up every one, here every person is sharing these kinds of experience, therefore it’s pleasant to read this website, and I used to pay a visit this blog everyday.
Hi there! Quick question that’s totally off topic.
Do you know how to make your site mobile friendly? My weblog
looks weird when browsing from my iphone. I’m trying to find a theme
or plugin that might be able to fix this issue.
If you have any recommendations, please
share. Thank you!
Excellent article. Congratulations on the information. 18917718 2894394
Everything is very open with a really clear description of the challenges.
It was definitely informative. Your site is very useful.
Many thanks for sharing!
Hey there! Do you use Twitter? I’d like to follow you
if that would be ok. I’m absolutely enjoying your blog and
look forward to new posts.
Pretty great post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wished
to mention that I have really loved surfing around your blog posts.
In any case I will be subscribing in your rss feed and I hope you write once more soon!
What’s Happening i am new to this, I stumbled upon this I’ve found It absolutely helpful and it has
aided me out loads. I hope to contribute & assist different
customers like its aided me. Great job.
My partner and I absolutely love your blog and find almost
all of your post’s to be just what I’m looking for.
Does one offer guest writers to write content to suit your needs?
I wouldn’t mind creating a post or elaborating on a number of the subjects you write in relation to here.
Again, awesome blog!
Very good post.Much thanks again. Much obliged.
I every time emailed this web site post page to all my friends, since if like
to read it afterward my friends will too.
Hello, I desire to subscribe for this weblog to take most
up-to-date updates, thus where can i do it please help out.
No matter if some one searches for his vital thing, thus he/she wishes to be available that in detail,
therefore that thing is maintained over here.
I’m not sure why but this blog is loading very slow for me.
Is anyone else having this problem or is it a problem on my end?
I’ll check back later on and see if the problem still exists.
You ought to be a part of a contest for one of the greatest
sites on the web. I most certainly will highly recommend
this website!
Every weekend i used to pay a quick visit this web page, because i wish for enjoyment, as this this site conations truly good funny stuff too.
I’ve been exploring for a bit for any high-quality articles or blog posts in this kind of area .
Exploring in Yahoo I finally stumbled upon this web site.
Studying this info So i’m satisfied to exhibit that I have
an incredibly excellent uncanny feeling I came upon exactly
what I needed. I so much no doubt will make certain to do not forget
this website and provides it a glance regularly.
Oh my goodness! Awesome article dude! Thanks,
However I am encountering problems with your RSS. I don’t
know why I can’t subscribe to it. Is there anybody else having identical RSS problems?
Anybody who knows the answer will you kindly respond? Thanx!!
We stumbled over here by a different web address and thought I should check things out.
I like what I see so now i’m following you. Look forward to
checking out your web page yet again.
Hi mates, its enormous paragraph regarding tutoringand fully defined,
keep it up all the time.
What’s up Dear, are you in fact visiting this web page regularly, if so then you
will without doubt get pleasant experience.
I’m not sure where you are getting your info, but great topic.
I needs to spend some time learning much more or understanding more.
Thanks for wonderful information I was looking for this info for my
mission.
This is very interesting, You are a very professional blogger.
I’ve joined your rss feed and look ahead to in search of more of your
wonderful post. Additionally, I have shared your site in my social networks
You actually make it seem so easy with your presentation but I
find this matter to be actually something which I think I would never understand.
It seems too complicated and extremely broad for me.
I am looking forward for your next post, I’ll try to get the hang of it!
You’re so cool! I do not think I’ve truly read a single thing like
that before. So good to find someone with original thoughts on this subject.
Really.. thank you for starting this up. This website is something
that is needed on the web, someone with a bit of originality!
Do you have a spam problem on this website; I also
am a blogger, and I was wanting to know your situation; many of us have developed some nice procedures and we are looking to exchange methods with others, please
shoot me an e-mail if interested.
Hello, all is going fine here and ofcourse every one is
sharing facts, that’s genuinely excellent, keep up writing.
There’s certainly a great deal to find out about this issue.
I love all of the points you’ve made.
Good day! This post couldn’t be written any better!
Reading this post reminds me of my previous room mate!
He always kept talking about this. I will forward this article to
him. Fairly certain he will have a good read. Thanks for sharing!
Thanks for your post. I also feel that laptop computers are becoming more and more popular right now, and now in many cases are the only type of computer used in a household. Simply because at the same time actually becoming more and more inexpensive, their computing power keeps growing to the point where they may be as powerful as pc’s through just a few in years past.
Hey! I could have sworn I’ve been to this website before but after
reading through some of the post I realized it’s new to
me. Anyhow, I’m definitely delighted I found it and I’ll be book-marking and checking back frequently!
I am actually grateful to the holder of this web page
who has shared this impressive piece of writing at here.
It’s a shame you don’t have a donate button! I’d certainly donate to
this superb blog! I guess for now i’ll settle for bookmarking and
adding your RSS feed to my Google account.
I look forward to fresh updates and will share this website with my Facebook group.
Talk soon!
If you are going for most excellent contents like I do, just pay a quick visit this web site every
day because it presents feature contents, thanks
Keep on writing, great job!
hey there and thank you for your info – I have definitely picked up anything new from right
here. I did however expertise some technical points using this web site,
as I experienced to reload the site many times previous to I could get
it to load properly. I had been wondering if your web hosting is
OK? Not that I am complaining, but sluggish loading instances times will sometimes affect your placement in google and can damage your high
quality score if advertising and marketing with Adwords.
Anyway I’m adding this RSS to my email and could look out for much more of your respective intriguing content.
Ensure that you update this again soon.
Greetings! Very useful advice in this particular article!
It’s the little changes that produce the greatest changes.
Thanks a lot for sharing!
I am regular visitor, how are you everybody? This paragraph posted at this
web page is truly good.
Simply want to say your article is as astonishing.
The clarity in your post is simply spectacular and i can assume you’re an expert on this subject.
Well with your permission allow me to grab your RSS feed to keep updated with forthcoming post.
Thanks a million and please carry on the rewarding work.
Hi there, just wanted to say, I enjoyed this article.
It was funny. Keep on posting!
Hi it’s me, I am also visiting this web page daily, this website
is truly nice and the visitors are truly sharing fastidious thoughts.
When I originally commented I seem to have clicked on the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and
from now on each time a comment is added I receive four emails with the same comment.
Perhaps there is a way you are able to remove me from that
service? Thank you!
Hello Dear, are you in fact visiting this site
regularly, if so afterward you will absolutely take nice experience.
These are actually fantastic ideas in regarding blogging.
You have touched some fastidious points here.
Any way keep up wrinting.
Asking questions are really good thing if you are not understanding anything totally,
but this paragraph gives good understanding yet.
Also visit my web site tracfone
Hey I know this is off topic but I was wondering if you
knew of any widgets I could add to my blog that automatically tweet my newest twitter updates.
I’ve been looking for a plug-in like this for quite some time and was
hoping maybe you would have some experience with something like this.
Please let me know if you run into anything.
I truly enjoy reading your blog and I look forward to your new updates.
Woah! I’m really loving the template/theme of this blog.
It’s simple, yet effective. A lot of times it’s tough
to get that “perfect balance” between user friendliness and appearance.
I must say you’ve done a excellent job with this.
In addition, the blog loads super fast for me on Safari.
Outstanding Blog!
We stumbled over here different web page and
thought I might as well check things out. I like what I see so
i am just following you. Look forward to looking at your web page again.
My partner aand I stmbled over here differfent websjte and thought I may as well check things out.
I like what I seee so nnow i am folplowing you. Lookk forwward tto finding out about
yur web pawge repeatedly.
Everything is very open with a clear description of the issues.
It was truly informative. Your site is very useful.
Thank you for sharing!
my blog post :: tracfone special coupon 2022
Hi, Neat post. There’s a problem along with your web site in internet explorer, could check this?
IE still is the marketplace chief and a big part of people will leave out your
excellent writing due to this problem.
Look into my site tracfone coupon
I think this is one of the most important information for
me. And i am glad reading your article. But want to
remark on some general things, The site style is ideal, the articles is really nice :
D. Good job, cheers
Feel free to visit my web site tracfone coupon
Good day! This is my 1st comment here so
I just wanted to give a quick shout out and say I genuinely enjoy reading through your articles.
Can you recommend any other blogs/websites/forums that cover the same subjects?
Thanks!
Here is my blog post: Pura Vida Keto Reviews
Your article helped me a lot, is there any more related content? Thanks!
I have realized that car insurance companies know the vehicles which are at risk of accidents as well as other risks. In addition, they know what style of cars are given to higher risk and also the higher risk they have the higher the particular premium fee. Understanding the uncomplicated basics associated with car insurance will let you choose the right style of insurance policy that may take care of your needs in case you get involved in an accident. Thank you for sharing the particular ideas on the blog.
Amazing blog! Do you have any recommendations
for aspiring writers? I’m hoping to start my own website soon but I’m
a little lost on everything. Would you recommend starting with a free platform
like WordPress or go for a paid option? There are so many options out
there that I’m totally overwhelmed .. Any suggestions?
Thanks a lot!